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CVE-2025-25292

Ruby SAML vulnerable to SAML authentication bypass due to namespace handling (parser differential)

CVSS 4.0 Critical 9.3

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Description

ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differently, the parsers can generate entirely different document structures from the same XML input. That allows an attacker to be able to execute a Signature Wrapping attack. This issue may lead to authentication bypass. Versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 contain a patch for the issue.

Official description from the CVE record, published by GitHub_M. Copyright © 1999-2026 The MITRE Corporation. See /security/cve/legal for the CVE license. View the record on cve.org

Key data

CVSS 4.0 Critical 9.3

Score published by GitHub_M in the CVE record.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

  • Attack vector: Network

    The vulnerable component can be reached over a network, possibly from the Internet.

  • Attack complexity: Low

    No measurable action is needed to get around the system's built-in security controls. The attack is repeatable.

  • Attack requirements: None

    The attack works without any special deployment or execution conditions.

  • Privileges required: None

    No account or privileges are needed.

  • User interaction: None

    No action from any user is needed.

  • Vulnerable system: confidentiality: High

    Serious or total effect on the secrecy of data.

  • Vulnerable system: integrity: High

    Serious or total effect on the trustworthiness of data.

  • Vulnerable system: availability: None

    No effect on availability.

  • Subsequent systems: confidentiality: None

    No effect on other systems' data secrecy.

  • Subsequent systems: integrity: None

    No effect on other systems' data trustworthiness.

  • Subsequent systems: availability: None

    No effect on other systems' availability.

CVSS is owned and managed by FIRST.Org, Inc. (FIRST) and is used by permission. Each CVSS score on this site is shown together with its vector string, as published in the CVE record by the source named next to it. Learn more at first.org/cvss.

EPSS

Exploit Prediction Scoring System by FIRST: an estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days.
Score
0.65086 (65.1% probability)
Percentile
99.3%
Scores of
Nov 10, 2026
Model
v2026.06.15

CISA assessment as of Mar 18, 2025

Stakeholder-Specific Vulnerability Categorization (SSVC) decision points added by CISA.
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
total

Weakness (CWE)

CWE catalog version 5.0.
CWE names: Copyright © 2006-2026, The MITRE Corporation. See /security/cve/legal for the CWE license.
  • CWE-347Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
  • CWE-436Interpretation Conflict

Affected products

Products listed in the CVE record, as the CNA published them.

  • SAML-Toolkits ruby-saml

    • affected: < 1.12.4
    • affected: >= 1.13.0, < 1.18.0

References

Links listed in the CVE record. They lead to other sites, which CubePath does not control.

Timeline

  1. ID reserved
  2. Record published
  3. Record last updated

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Data from the CVE Program (MITRE), CISA KEV and FIRST EPSS. CVSS is owned by FIRST and used by permission. Not affiliated with or endorsed by MITRE, CISA or FIRST. Data as of Nov 10, 2026, 19:53 UTC. Sources and licenses